Because the Sardinians are a different people and culture compared to Italy

The Sardinians, or “Sardi,” have a distinct identity that sets them apart from mainland Italians, rooted in their unique history, language, culture, and geography. While Sardinia is part of Italy, many Sardinians have long-held ambitions for greater autonomy, and there are even movements advocating for full independence. To understand why Sardinians consider themselves a distinct people and their aspirations for self-determination, it’s essential to delve into their history and cultural identity.

1. Historical Roots of Sardinian Identity

Sardinia’s history is marked by centuries of foreign domination, including Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Spanish, and Piedmontese rule. Unlike the Italian mainland, Sardinia developed independently in many respects due to its geographic isolation. These foreign influences, along with the island’s isolation, have shaped a distinct Sardinian culture that is different from that of the rest of Italy.

The Kingdom of Sardinia was formally part of the Italian unification in 1861, which created the modern state of Italy. However, many Sardinians feel that their identity as a people was overshadowed by the process of unification, which focused on centralising power in the hands of the Italian government.

2. Language and Culture

One of the most defining features of Sardinian identity is the Sardinian language (Sardu), which is recognized as a minority language in Italy and is distinct from Italian. Sardinian is a Romance language that evolved independently from Latin and has been influenced by various cultures, but it retains unique linguistic characteristics. Many Sardinians view their language as a symbol of their unique identity, and efforts have been made to preserve and promote it, even as Italian has become dominant in schools and official settings.

Sardinia’s cultural traditions, from music and dance to folklore and crafts, also differ significantly from those on the mainland. Festivals like the Sartiglia in Oristano or the Mamuthones of Mamoiada reflect ancient customs that are deeply embedded in the island’s history. The island’s cuisine, based on local ingredients such as pane carasau, pecorino cheese, and traditional Sardinian pastas like malloreddus, further distinguishes Sardinians from their mainland counterparts.

3. Geography and Isolation

Sardinia’s geographical isolation has been both a blessing and a curse. On one hand, it has allowed Sardinians to preserve their unique culture and identity; on the other, it has often resulted in economic and social marginalisation. Historically, the island has been somewhat neglected by the Italian central government, contributing to a feeling of alienation among many Sardinians. The lack of infrastructure, investment, and economic development, compared to other regions of Italy, has fuelled resentment and led to calls for greater autonomy.

4. Economic and Social Factors

Sardinia faces significant economic challenges, including high unemployment, especially among the youth, and a lack of industrial development. These issues have been compounded by environmental concerns, such as military testing zones and pollution from industrial plants, which many Sardinians feel have been imposed upon them by the Italian state without proper regard for the island’s well-being.

Many Sardinians argue that the island’s natural resources, such as its pristine coastline and agricultural products, should be better managed for the benefit of the local population, rather than exploited by external interests. This economic dissatisfaction has strengthened support for greater self-determination, as many believe that local governance would better address these challenges.

5. Movements for Autonomy and Independence

Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, there have been several movements in Sardinia advocating for greater autonomy or even full independence from Italy. These movements often draw inspiration from Sardinia’s distinct identity and the belief that the island’s interests are not adequately represented by the central government in Rome.

The Partito Sardo d’Azione (Sardinian Action Party) is one of the oldest political movements advocating for Sardinian autonomy. While its influence has fluctuated over the years, the party remains a vocal advocate for Sardinian rights and self-determination. Additionally, other political groups and grassroots organisations support varying degrees of autonomy, with some calling for complete independence from Italy.

The desire for self-determination is also linked to the broader European trend of regionalism, where other stateless nations, like Catalonia or Scotland, have sought greater autonomy or independence. Sardinians often feel a kinship with these other regions, seeing themselves as part of a wider movement for regional rights and self-governance.

6. Autonomy and the Italian Constitution

Sardinia does enjoy a degree of autonomy under the Italian Constitution, as it is one of the five regions with special autonomous status. This status grants the island certain legislative powers, especially concerning local governance, language, and cultural preservation. However, many Sardinians argue that this autonomy is insufficient, as the island still remains heavily dependent on the central government for funding and decision-making in key areas like infrastructure and economic development.

7. Aspirations for the Future

The Sardinian desire for self-determination is not solely about political independence but about achieving greater control over the island’s future. Many Sardinians believe that they should have a stronger voice in decisions affecting their economy, environment, and culture. This aspiration is often framed in terms of gaining the tools needed for Sardinia to prosper, whether through enhanced autonomy within Italy or full independence.

In conclusion, Sardinians see themselves as a distinct people due to their unique language, culture, history, and geographic isolation. Their aspirations for self-determination, whether through greater autonomy or independence, stem from a deep-seated desire to protect their identity and better manage their own affairs. While they remain part of Italy, the sense of being “Sardi” runs deep, and the conversation around self-determination continues to be an important aspect of Sardinian life.